The five-step framework
- Standard first. Filter for ICC 500 labeled units; require FEMA P-320 documentation if you want rebate eligibility.
- Type second. Match to your slab, occupants, and reachability needs. See the format comparison.
- Capacity third. Plan for the actual household plus one or two extra and any pets. Avoid overbuying capacity you will never use.
- Rebate fit fourth. Confirm your state or county program's standards and timing. See how rebates work.
- Two written quotes fifth. Score against the five quality criteria in our shelter framework.
Frequently Asked Questions
What is the single most important spec to check?+
The ICC 500 test report reference for the specific model you are buying. Marketing language like 'FEMA approved' or 'EF5 rated' is not a substitute. A real test report number lets you verify the standard.
How many people should the shelter hold?+
Plan for the actual household plus one or two extra, including pets if you will bring them. FEMA P-320 recommends 3 to 7 square feet of usable floor area per person depending on occupancy duration and mobility.
Above-ground or in-ground for an older household?+
Above-ground or an interior FEMA P-320 retrofit. Both avoid ladders and stairs. In-ground units are difficult or impossible for many older or mobility-limited occupants and should be ruled out early in that case.
How do I avoid overpaying?+
Get at least two written quotes. Score each against five criteria: ICC 500 label, FEMA P-320 documentation, door rating, anchoring schedule, and warranty length. The cheapest quote usually misses one of the five.
Should I prioritize a shelter for tornado warning lead time?+
Yes. Reachability matters more than nominal protection ratings, especially in Dixie Alley where nighttime events are common. A shelter you can reach in under a minute beats a marginally stronger one on the other side of the lot.